:mod:`ssl` -- SSL/TLS module
============================

.. module:: ssl
   :synopsis: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects

|see_cpython_module| :mod:`python:ssl`.

This module provides access to Transport Layer Security (previously and
widely known as “Secure Sockets Layer”) encryption and peer authentication
facilities for network sockets, both client-side and server-side.

Functions
---------

.. function:: ssl.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=False, key=None, cert=None, cert_reqs=CERT_NONE, cadata=None, server_hostname=None, do_handshake=True)

    Wrap the given *sock* and return a new wrapped-socket object.  The implementation
    of this function is to first create an `SSLContext` and then call the `SSLContext.wrap_socket`
    method on that context object.  The arguments *sock*, *server_side* and *server_hostname* are
    passed through unchanged to the method call.  The argument *do_handshake* is passed through as
    *do_handshake_on_connect*.  The remaining arguments have the following behaviour:

   - *cert_reqs* determines whether the peer (server or client) must present a valid certificate.
     Note that for mbedtls based ports, ``ssl.CERT_NONE`` and ``ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL`` will not
     validate any certificate, only ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED`` will.

   - *cadata* is a bytes object containing the CA certificate chain (in DER format) that will
     validate the peer's certificate.  Currently only a single DER-encoded certificate is supported.

   Depending on the underlying module implementation in a particular
   :term:`MicroPython port`, some or all keyword arguments above may be not supported.

class SSLContext
----------------

.. class:: SSLContext(protocol, /)

    Create a new SSLContext instance.  The *protocol* argument must be one of the ``PROTOCOL_*``
    constants.

.. method:: SSLContext.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)

   Load a private key and the corresponding certificate.  The *certfile* is a string
   with the file path of the certificate.  The *keyfile* is a string with the file path
   of the private key.

   .. admonition:: Difference to CPython
      :class: attention

      MicroPython extension: *certfile* and *keyfile* can be bytes objects instead of
      strings, in which case they are interpreted as the actual certificate/key data.

.. method:: SSLContext.load_verify_locations(cafile=None, cadata=None)

   Load the CA certificate chain that will validate the peer's certificate.
   *cafile* is the file path of the CA certificates.  *cadata* is a bytes object
   containing the CA certificates.  Only one of these arguments should be provided.

.. method:: SSLContext.get_ciphers()

   Get a list of enabled ciphers, returned as a list of strings.

.. method:: SSLContext.set_ciphers(ciphers)

   Set the available ciphers for sockets created with this context.  *ciphers* should be
   a list of strings in the `IANA cipher suite format <https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Cipher_Suites>`_ .

.. attribute:: SSLContext.psk_identity
               SSLContext.psk_key

   The pre-shared key (PSK) identity and key to authenticate with as a client.
   Set both to use PSK: *psk_identity* is the identity sent to the server and
   *psk_key* is the shared key, both as `bytes` objects.

   While PSK is configured the context offers only PSK cipher suites, so the
   connection cannot fall back to a non-PSK (e.g. certificate-based) suite.

   Availability depends on the port's mbedTLS being built with PSK support.

.. attribute:: SSLContext.server_psk_keys

   A mapping used by a server to look up the key for the identity presented by a
   connecting client.  Set it to accept PSK clients::

      ctx.server_psk_keys = {b"my-identity": b"my-key"}

   Its ``get()`` method is called with the client's identity (a `bytes` object)
   and should return the corresponding key as a `bytes` object, or ``None`` to
   reject an unknown identity.  Any object providing such a ``get()`` method may
   be used, so keys can be computed or fetched on demand.  As with the client,
   the context is restricted to PSK cipher suites while this is set.

.. method:: SSLContext.wrap_socket(sock, *, server_side=False, do_handshake_on_connect=True, server_hostname=None, client_id=None)

   Takes a `stream` *sock* (usually socket.socket instance of ``SOCK_STREAM`` type),
   and returns an instance of ssl.SSLSocket, wrapping the underlying stream.
   The returned object has the usual `stream` interface methods like
   ``read()``, ``write()``, etc.

   - *server_side* selects whether the wrapped socket is on the server or client side.
     A server-side SSL socket should be created from a normal socket returned from
     :meth:`~socket.socket.accept()` on a non-SSL listening server socket.

   - *do_handshake_on_connect* determines whether the handshake is done as part of the ``wrap_socket``
     or whether it is deferred to be done as part of the initial reads or writes
     For blocking sockets doing the handshake immediately is standard. For non-blocking
     sockets (i.e. when the *sock* passed into ``wrap_socket`` is in non-blocking mode)
     the handshake should generally be deferred because otherwise ``wrap_socket`` blocks
     until it completes. Note that in AXTLS the handshake can be deferred until the first
     read or write but it then blocks until completion.

   - *server_hostname* is for use as a client, and sets the hostname to check against the received
     server certificate.  It also sets the name for Server Name Indication (SNI), allowing the server
     to present the proper certificate.

   - *client_id* is a MicroPython-specific extension argument used only when implementing a DTLS
     Server. See :ref:`dtls` for details.

.. warning::

   Some implementations of ``ssl`` module do NOT validate server certificates,
   which makes an SSL connection established prone to man-in-the-middle attacks.

   CPython's ``wrap_socket`` returns an ``SSLSocket`` object which has methods typical
   for sockets, such as ``send``, ``recv``, etc. MicroPython's ``wrap_socket``
   returns an object more similar to CPython's ``SSLObject`` which does not have
   these socket methods.

.. attribute:: SSLContext.verify_mode

    Set or get the behaviour for verification of peer certificates.  Must be one of the
    ``CERT_*`` constants.

.. note::

   ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED`` requires the device's date/time to be properly set, e.g. using
   `mpremote rtc --set <mpremote_command_rtc>` or ``ntptime``, and ``server_hostname``
   must be specified when on the client side.

Exceptions
----------

.. data:: ssl.SSLError

   This exception does NOT exist. Instead its base class, OSError, is used.

.. _dtls:

DTLS support
------------

.. admonition:: Difference to CPython
   :class: attention

   This is a MicroPython extension.

On most ports, this module supports DTLS in client and server mode via the
`PROTOCOL_DTLS_CLIENT` and `PROTOCOL_DTLS_SERVER` constants that can be used as
the ``protocol`` argument of `SSLContext`.

In this case the underlying socket is expected to behave as a datagram socket (i.e.
like the socket opened with ``socket.socket`` with ``socket.AF_INET`` as ``af`` and
``socket.SOCK_DGRAM`` as ``type``).

DTLS is only supported on ports that use mbedTLS, and it is enabled by default
in most configurations but can be manually disabled by defining
``MICROPY_PY_SSL_DTLS`` to 0.

DTLS server support
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

MicroPython's DTLS server support is configured with "Hello Verify" as required
for DTLS 1.2. This is transparent for DTLS clients, but there are relevant
considerations when implementing a DTLS server in MicroPython:

- The server should pass an additional argument *client_id* when calling
  `SSLContext.wrap_socket()`. This ID must be a `bytes` object (or similar) with
  a transport-specific identifier representing the client.

  The simplest approach is to convert the tuple of ``(client_ip, client_port)``
  returned from ``socket.recv_from()`` into a byte string, i.e.::

        _, client_addr = sock.recvfrom(1, socket.MSG_PEEK)
        sock.connect(client_addr)  # Connect back to the client
        sock = ssl_ctx.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True,
                                   client_id=repr(client_addr).encode())

- The first time a client connects, the server call to ``wrap_socket`` will fail
  with a `OSError` error "Hello Verify Required". This is because the DTLS
  "Hello Verify" cookie is not yet known by the client. If the same client
  connects a second time then ``wrap_socket`` will succeed.

- DTLS cookies for "Hello Verify" are associated with the `SSLContext` object,
  so the same `SSLContext` object should be used to wrap a subsequent connection
  from the same client. The cookie implementation includes a timeout and has
  constant memory use regardless of how many clients connect, so it's OK to
  reuse the same `SSLContext` object for the lifetime of the server.

Constants
---------

.. data:: ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
          ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER
          ssl.PROTOCOL_DTLS_CLIENT (when DTLS support is enabled)
          ssl.PROTOCOL_DTLS_SERVER (when DTLS support is enabled)

    Supported values for the *protocol* parameter.

.. data:: ssl.CERT_NONE
          ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL
          ssl.CERT_REQUIRED

    Supported values for *cert_reqs* parameter, and the :attr:`SSLContext.verify_mode`
    attribute.
